There are three main ways to develop mobile apps
1) Native (or "native-looking") apps
These are the most popular, and they use the operating system's native features to make their user interfaces feel as if they were part of the operating system. This is often referred to as "UIKit" because it's what Apple uses for its own apps.
2) Hybrid apps
Hybrid apps use some native elements, but then also add a layer of code that lets them work on other platforms—for example, Android or Windows Phone. This can be helpful if you want your app to be available on multiple platforms, but it can also lead to confusion for users who don't know what hybrid means.
3) Web-based applications
Web-based applications are just like normal websites in that they're accessed through a browser—except they're optimized for mobile devices too! They may still have an interface that looks like a website, but it's designed specifically for touchscreens and has all the functionality built in.
Developing mobile apps for both iOS and Android platforms
HTML5 and Apache Cordova
Apache Cordova started as an Adobe project called PhoneGap. With Apache Cordova, you can run HTML and JavaScript (JS) code in a secure browser instance (using a captive portal) called Webview. Using a webview, you can write code once and then run it anywhere. One of the criticisms of the cross-platform approach is that the response can be slow due to JavaScript code running in the web view. You can read more about the strengths and weaknesses of mobile frontend frameworks in the IBM Developer article “Deciding between native and cross-platform mobile front-end programming frameworks”.
C# and Xamarin
The Xamarin framework (acquired by Microsoft) allows you to program in C# within the .NET framework, which is implemented on the iOS platform via an open source implementation called mono.
Dart and Flutter
Although Dart was released by Google in 2011, the first stable release was in 2017. The dart is an object-oriented programming language. You use Google's Flutter framework to write mobile apps for iOS.
JavaScript and React Native React Native was released in 2015 by Facebook, and uses JavaScript as a programming language to write mobile apps. HTML is not used to write applications in React Native. This code is then interpreted at runtime and executed through a "bridge" to access the device's native SDK resources.
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